siRNA & miRNA


Ref.# Reference 70 RING finger protein 149 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase active on wild-type BRAF.
Hong SW, Jin DH, Shin JS, Moon JH, Na YS, Jung KA, Kim SM, Kim JC, Kim KP, Hong YS, Lee JL, Choi EK, Lee JS, Kim TW.
J Biol Chem. 2012 May 24.
• More information 69 Luteolin, a novel natural inhibitor of tumor progression locus 2 serine/threonine kinase, inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in JB6 mouse epidermis cells.
Kim JE, Son JE, Jang YJ, Lee DE, Kang NJ, Jung SK, Heo YS, Lee KW, Lee HJ.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011 Sep;338(3):1013-22.
• More information 68 Modulation of Tcf3 repressor complex composition regulates cdx4 expression in zebrafish.
Ro H, Dawid IB.
EMBO J. 2011 Jun 10;30(14):2894-907.
• More information 67 Romo1 is a negative-feedback regulator of Myc.
Lee SB, Kim JJ, Chung JS, Lee MS, Lee KH, Kim BS, Do Yoo Y.
J Cell Sci. 2011 Jun 1;124(Pt 11):1911-24.
• More information 66 Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 inhibits protein kinase C-mediated p66shc phosphorylation and vasoconstriction.
Lee SK, Chung JI, Park MS, Joo HK, Lee EJ, Cho EJ, Park JB, Ryoo S, Irani K, Jeon BH.
Cardiovasc Res. 2011 Aug 1;91(3):502-9.
• More information 65 Lipid raft-dependent death receptor 5 (DR5) expression and activation are critical for ursodeoxycholic acid-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells.
Lim SC, Duong HQ, Choi JE, Lee TB, Kang JH, Oh SH, Han SI.
Carcinogenesis. 2011 May;32(5):723-31.
• More information 64 G6PD up-regulation promotes pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction.
Lee JW, Choi AH, Ham M, Kim JW, Choe SS, Park J, Lee GY, Yoon KH, Kim JB.
Endocrinology. 2011 Mar;152(3):793-803.
• More information 63 Gene expression profile of rat prostate during pubertal growth and maturation.
Gong EY, Park E, Chattopadhyay S, Lee SY, Lee K.
Reprod Sci. 2011 May;18(5):426-34.
• More information 62 The glutamate agonist homocysteine sulfinic acid stimulates glucose uptake through the calcium-dependent AMPK-p38 MAPK-protein kinase C zeta pathway in skeletal muscle cells.
Kim JH, Lee JO, Lee SK, Moon JW, You GY, Kim SJ, Park SH, Park JM, Lim SY, Suh PG, Uhm KO, Song MS, Kim HS.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 4;286(9):7567-76.
• More information 61 Estrogen receptor alpha pathway is involved in leptin-induced ovarian cancer cell growth.
Choi JH, Lee KT, Leung PC.
Carcinogenesis. 2011 Apr;32(4):589-96.
• More information 60 B-MYB positively regulates serine-threonine kinase receptor-associated protein (STRAP) activity through direct interaction.
Seong HA, Manoharan R, Ha H.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Mar 4;286(9):7439-56.
• More information 59 Phospholipidosis induced by PPARγ signaling in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to amiodarone.
Song M, Kim YJ, Ryu JC.
Toxicol Sci. 2011 Mar;120(1):98-108.
• More information 58 KRIBB11 inhibits HSP70 synthesis through inhibition of heat shock factor 1 function by impairing the recruitment of positive transcription elongation factor b to the hsp70 promoter.
Yoon YJ, Kim JA, Shin KD, Shin DS, Han YM, Lee YJ, Lee JS, Kwon BM, Han DC.
J Biol Chem. 2011 Jan 21;286(3):1737-47.
• More information 57 The early secretory pathway contributes to the growth of the Coxiella-replicative niche.
Campoy EM, Zoppino FC, Colombo MI.
Infect Immun. 2011 Jan;79(1):402-13.
• More information 56 BLT2 Is upregulated in allergen-stimulated mast cells and mediates the synthesis of Th2 cytokines.
Cho KJ, Seo JM, Lee MG, Kim JH.
J Immunol. 2010 Nov 15;185(10):6329-37.
• More information 55 Overexpression of high-mobility group box 2 is associated with tumor aggressiveness and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Kwon JH, Kim J, Park JY, Hong SM, Park CW, Hong SJ, Park SY, Choi YJ, Do IG, Joh JW, Kim DS, Choi KY.
Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Nov 15;16(22):5511-21.
• More information 54 Parkin directly modulates 26S proteasome activity.
Um JW, Im E, Lee HJ, Min B, Yoo L, Yoo J, Lübbert H, Stichel-Gunkel C, Cho HS, Yoon JB, Chung KC.
J Neurosci. 2010 Sep 1;30(35):11805-14.
• More information 53 A nonthiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ dual agonist CG301360 alleviates insulin resistance and lipid dysregulation in db/db mice.
Jeong HW, Lee JW, Kim WS, Choe SS, Shin HJ, Lee GY, Shin D, Lee JH, Choi EB, Lee HK, Yon GH, Cho B, Kim HR, Choi SH, Chung YS, Park SB, Chung H, Ro S, Kim JB.
Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Nov;78(5):877-85.
• More information 52 Cocarcinogenic effect of capsaicin involves activation of EGFR signaling but not TRPV1.
Hwang MK, Bode AM, Byun S, Song NR, Lee HJ, Lee KW, Dong Z.
Cancer Res. 2010 Sep 1;70(17):6859-69.
• More information 51 Targeting epidermal growth factor receptor-associated signaling pathways in non-small cell lung
cancer cells: implication in radiation response.
Choi EJ, Ryu YK, Kim SY, Wu HG, Kim JS, Kim IH, Kim IA.
Mol Cancer Res. 2010 Jul;8(7):1027-36.
• More information 50 Histone deacetylase inhibitors synergistically potentiate death receptor 4-mediated apoptotic cell
death of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.
Sung ES, Kim A, Park JS, Chung J, Kwon MH, Kim YS.
Apoptosis. 2010 Oct;15(10):1256-69.
• More information 49 Inhibition of histone deacetylase attenuates hypoxia-induced migration and invasion of cancer cells via the restoration of RECK expression.
Jeon HW, Lee YM.
Mol Cancer Ther. 2010 May;9(5):1361-70.
• More information 48 Resveratrol inhibits neuronal apoptosis and elevated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity in diabetic mouse retina.
Kim YH, Kim YS, Kang SS, Cho GJ, Choi WS.
Diabetes. 2010 Jul;59(7):1825-35.
• More information 47 Upregulation of SPRR3 promotes colorectal tumorigenesis.
Cho DH, Jo YK, Roh SA, Na YS, Kim TW, Jang SJ, Kim YS, Kim JC.
Mol Med. 2010 Jul-Aug;16(7-8):271-7.
• More information 46 T cell Ig domain and mucin domain 1 engagement on invariant NKT cells in the presence of TCR stimulation enhances IL-4 production but inhibits IFN-gamma production.
Kim HS, Kim HS, Lee CW, Chung DH.
J Immunol. 2010 Apr 15;184(8):4095-106.
• More information 45 Proinflammatory cytokine IL-1beta stimulates IL-8 synthesis in mast cells via a leukotriene B4 receptor 2-linked pathway, contributing to angiogenesis.
Kim GY, Lee JW, Ryu HC, Wei JD, Seong CM, Kim JH.
J Immunol. 2010 Apr 1;184(7):3946-54.
• More information 44 Enhanced anti-tumor effects of combined MDR1 RNA interference and human sodium/iodide
symporter (NIS) radioiodine gene therapy using an adenoviral system in a colon cancer model.
Ahn SJ, Jeon YH, Lee YJ, Lee YL, Lee SW, Ahn BC, Ha JH, Lee J.
Cancer Gene Ther. 2010 Jul;17(7):492-500. Epub 2010 Feb 26.
• More information 43 Role of JNK activation in pancreatic beta-cell death by streptozotocin.
Cheon H, Cho JM, Kim S, Baek SH, Lee MK, Kim KW, Yu SW, Solinas G, Kim SS, Lee MS.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Jun 10;321(2):131-7.
• More information 42 Autophagy induction and CHOP under-expression promotes survival of fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis patients under endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Shin YJ, Han SH, Kim DS, Lee GH, Yoo WH, Kang YM, Choi JY, Lee YC, Park SJ, Jeong SK, Kim HT, Chae SW, Jeong HJ, Kim HR, Chae HJ.
Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(1):R19.
• More information 41 The SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 axis induces the expression of fatty acid synthase via sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 activation in cancer cells.
Kim K, Kim HY, Cho HK, Kim KH, Cheong J.
Carcinogenesis. 2010 Apr;31(4):679-86.
• More information 40 Ischemia induces regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2) protein upregulation and enhances apoptosis in astrocytes.
Endale M, Kim SD, Lee WM, Kim S, Suk K, Cho JY, Park HJ, Wagley Y, Kim S, Oh JW, Rhee MH.
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2010 Mar;298(3):C611-23.
• More information 39 Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced activation of activating transcription factor 6 decreases cAMP-stimulated hepatic gluconeogenesis via inhibition of CREB.
Seo HY, Kim MK, Min AK, Kim HS, Ryu SY, Kim NK, Lee KM, Kim HJ, Choi HS, Lee KU, Park KG, Lee IK.
Endocrinology. 2010 Feb;151(2):561-8.
• More information 38 Gene silencing by cell-penetrating, sequence-selective and nucleic-acid hydrolyzing antibodies.
Lee WR, Jang JY, Kim JS, Kwon MH, Kim YS.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Mar;38(5):1596-609.
• More information 37 The tumor suppressor, parafibromin, mediates histone H3 K9 methylation for cyclin D1 repression.
Yang YJ, Han JW, Youn HD, Cho EJ.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Jan;38(2):382-90.
• More information 36 Pro-survival of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells is regulated by a BLT2-reactive
oxygen species-linked signaling pathway.
Choi JA, Lee JW, Kim H, Kim EY, Seo JM, Ko J, Kim JH.
Carcinogenesis. 2010 Apr;31(4):543-51.
• More information 35 Trichostatin A enhances proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by downregulating thioredoxin 1.
Song S, Kang SW, Choi C.
Cardiovasc Res. 2010 Jan 1;85(1):241-9.
• More information 34 Essential role of CR6-interacting factor 1 (Crif1) in E74-like factor 3 (ELF3)-mediated intestinal
development.
Kwon MC, Koo BK, Kim YY, Lee SH, Kim NS, Kim JH, Kong YY.
J Biol Chem. 2009 Nov 27;284(48):33634-41.
• More information 33 Rhomboid domain containing 2 (RHBDD2): a novel cancer-related gene over-expressed in breast cancer.
Abba MC, Lacunza E, Nunez MI, Colussi A, Isla-Larrain M, Segal-Eiras A, Croce MV, Aldaz CM.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Oct;1792(10):988-97.
• More information 32 Phosphorylation status of nuclear ribosomal protein S3 is reciprocally regulated by protein kinase C{delta} and protein phosphatase 2A.
Kim TS, Kim HD, Shin HS, Kim J.
J Biol Chem. 2009 Aug 7;284(32):21201-8.
• More information 31 Inhibition of melanogenesis by tyrosinase siRNA in human melanocytes.
An SM, Koh JS, Boo YC.
BMB Rep. 2009 Mar 31;42(3):178-83.
• More information 30 cIAP1, cIAP2, and XIAP act cooperatively via nonredundant pathways to regulate genotoxic stress-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation.
Jin HS, Lee DH, Kim DH, Chung JH, Lee SJ, Lee TH.
Cancer Res. 2009 Mar 1;69(5):1782-91.
• More information 29 Cilostazol ameliorates metabolic abnormalities with suppression of proinflammatory markers
in a db/db mouse model of type 2 diabetes via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transcription.
Park SY, Shin HK, Lee JH, Kim CD, Lee WS, Rhim BY, Hong KW.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009 May;329(2):571-9.
• More information 28 Effect of BSA-induced ER stress on SGLT protein expression levels and alpha-MG uptake in renal proximal tubule cells.
Lee YJ, Suh HN, Han HJ.
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009 Jun;296(6):F1405-16.
• More information 27 Suppression of prostaglandin E2-induced MUC5AC overproduction by RGS4 in the airway.
Song KS, Choi YH, Kim JM, Lee H, Lee TJ, Yoon JH.
Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 Apr;296(4):L684-92.
• More information 26 Protein phosphatase 5 regulates the function of 53BP1 after neocarzinostatin-induced DNA damage.
Kang Y, Lee JH, Hoan NN, Sohn HM, Chang IY, You HJ.
J Biol Chem. 2009 Apr 10;284(15):9845-53.
• More information 25 Cryptotanshinone inhibits constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 function
through blocking the dimerization in DU145 prostate cancer cells.
Shin DS, Kim HN, Shin KD, Yoon YJ, Kim SJ, Han DC, Kwon BM.
Cancer Res. 2009 Jan 1;69(1):193-202.
• More information 24 Gene transfer of redox factor-1 inhibits neointimal formation: involvement of platelet-derived growth factor-beta receptor signaling via the inhibition of the reactive oxygen species-mediated Syk pathway.
Lee HM, Jeon BH, Won KJ, Lee CK, Park TK, Choi WS, Bae YM, Kim HS, Lee SK, Park SH, Irani K, Kim B.
Circ Res. 2009 Jan 30;104(2):219-27, 5p following 227. Epub 2008 Nov 26.
• More information 23 The HECT domain of TRIP12 ubiquitinates substrates of the ubiquitin fusion degradation pathway.
Park Y, Yoon SK, Yoon JB.
J Biol Chem. 2009 Jan 16;284(3):1540-9.
• More information 22 Glutathione peroxidase 3 mediates the antioxidant effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in human skeletal muscle cells.
Chung SS, Kim M, Youn BS, Lee NS, Park JW, Lee IK, Lee YS, Kim JB, Cho YM, Lee HK, Park KS.
Mol Cell Biol. 2009 Jan;29(1):20-30.
• More information 21 The Iws1:Spt6:CTD complex controls cotranscriptional mRNA biosynthesis and HYPB/Setd2-mediated histone H3K36 methylation.
Yoh SM, Lucas JS, Jones KA.
Genes Dev. 2008 Dec 15;22(24):3422-34.
• More information 20 RNA-binding protein hnRNP D modulates internal ribosome entry site-dependent translation of hepatitis C virus RNA.
Paek KY, Kim CS, Park SM, Kim JH, Jang SK.
J Virol. 2008 Dec;82(24):12082-93.
• More information 19 Replicative senescence induced by Romo1-derived reactive oxygen species.
Chung YM, Lee SB, Kim HJ, Park SH, Kim JJ, Chung JS, Yoo YD.
J Biol Chem. 2008 Nov 28;283(48):33763-71.
• More information 18 Bile acid induces expression of COX-2 through the homeodomain transcription factor CDX1 and orphan nuclear receptor SHP in human gastric cancer cells.
Park MJ, Kim KH, Kim HY, Kim K, Cheong J.
Carcinogenesis. 2008 Dec;29(12):2385-93.
• More information 17 Proto-oncogene FBI-1 (Pokemon) and SREBP-1 synergistically activate transcription of fatty-acid synthase gene (FASN).
Choi WI, Jeon BN, Park H, Yoo JY, Kim YS, Koh DI, Kim MH, Kim YR, Lee CE, Kim KS, Osborne TF, Hur MW.
J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 24;283(43):29341-54.
• More information 16 cAMP-responding element-binding protein and c-Ets1 interact in the regulation of ATP-dependent MUC5AC gene expression.
Song KS, Lee TJ, Kim K, Chung KC, Yoon JH.
J Biol Chem. 2008 Oct 3;283(40):26869-78.
• More information 15 Ceramide accelerates ultraviolet-induced MMP-1 expression through JAK1/STAT-1 pathway in cultured human dermal fibroblasts.
Kim S, Kim Y, Lee Y, Chung JH.
J Lipid Res. 2008 Dec;49(12):2571-81.
• More information 14 The integrin-coupled signaling adaptor p130Cas suppresses Smad3 function in transforming growth factor-beta signaling.
Kim W, Seok Kang Y, Soo Kim J, Shin NY, Hanks SK, Song WK.
Mol Biol Cell. 2008 May;19(5):2135-46.
• More information 13 The AP-2alpha transcription factor is required for the ganglioside GM3-stimulated transcriptional regulation of a PTEN gene.
Choi HJ, Chung TW, Kim SJ, Cho SY, Lee YS, Lee YC, Ko JH, Kim CH.
Glycobiology. 2008 May;18(5):395-407.
• More information 12 Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c represses the transactivation of androgen receptor and androgen-dependent growth of prostatic cells.
Suh JH, Gong EY, Kim JB, Lee IK, Choi HS, Lee K.
Mol Cancer Res. 2008 Feb;6(2):314-24.
• More information 11 Proline-rich transcript in brain protein induces stress granule formation.
Kim JE, Ryu I, Kim WJ, Song OK, Ryu J, Kwon MY, Kim JH, Jang SK.
Mol Cell Biol. 2008 Jan;28(2):803-13.
• More information 10 Essential role of mitochondrial function in adiponectin synthesis in adipocytes.
Koh EH, Park JY, Park HS, Jeon MJ, Ryu JW, Kim M, Kim SY, Kim MS, Kim SW, Park IS, Youn JH, Lee KU.
Diabetes. 2007 Dec;56(12):2973-81.
• More information 9 A human scFv antibody against TRAIL receptor 2 induces autophagic cell death in both TRAIL-sensitive and TRAIL-resistant cancer cells.
Park KJ, Lee SH, Kim TI, Lee HW, Lee CH, Kim EH, Jang JY, Choi KS, Kwon MH, Kim YS.
Cancer Res. 2007 Aug 1;67(15):7327-34.
• More information 8 Chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 induction by C/EBPbeta activation is associated with
all-trans-retinoic acid-induced leukemic cell differentiation.
Kim KJ, Kim HH, Kim JH, Choi YH, Kim YH, Cheong JH.
J Leukoc Biol. 2007 Nov;82(5):1332-9.
• More information 7 Cytokine-like 1 (Cytl1) regulates the chondrogenesis of mesenchymal cells.
Kim JS, Ryoo ZY, Chun JS.
J Biol Chem. 2007 Oct 5;282(40):29359-67.
• More information 6 Bax inhibitor-1 regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated reactive oxygen species and heme oxygenase-1 expression.
Lee GH, Kim HK, Chae SW, Kim DS, Ha KC, Cuddy M, Kress C, Reed JC, Kim HR, Chae HJ.
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jul 27;282(30):21618-28.
• More information 5 Syk contributes to PDGF-BB-mediated migration of rat aortic smooth muscle cells via MAPK pathways.
Lee CK, Lee HM, Kim HJ, Park HJ, Won KJ, Roh HY, Choi WS, Jeon BH, Park TK, Kim B.
Cardiovasc Res. 2007 Apr 1;74(1):159-68.
• More information 4 An RNA-binding protein, hnRNP A1, and a scaffold protein, septin 6, facilitate hepatitis C virus replication.
Kim CS, Seol SK, Song OK, Park JH, Jang SK.
J Virol. 2007 Apr;81(8):3852-65.
• More information 3 Regulation of Polo-like kinase 1 by DNA damage in mitosis. Inhibition of mitotic PLK-1 by protein phosphatase 2A.
Jang YJ, Ji JH, Choi YC, Ryu CJ, Ko SY.
J Biol Chem. 2007 Jan 26;282(4):2473-82.
• More information 2 Ganglioside GM3 modulates tumor suppressor PTEN-mediated cell cycle progression--transcriptional induction of p21(WAF1) and p27(kip1) by inhibition of PI-3K/AKT pathway.
Choi HJ, Chung TW, Kang SK, Lee YC, Ko JH, Kim JG, Kim CH.
Glycobiology. 2006 Jul;16(7):573-83.
• More information 1 Down-regulation of a forkhead transcription factor, FOXO3a, accelerates cellular senescence in human dermal fibroblasts.
Kyoung Kim H, Kyoung Kim Y, Song IH, Baek SH, Lee SR, Hye Kim J, Kim JR.
J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Jan;60(1):4-9.
• More information ]]>Over 132,000 predesigned siRNA's, also validated and standard siRNA libraries by gene function or family - AccuTarget™


Bioneer's core business has always been the manufacture of DNA and RNA in conventional and breakthrough ways. When RNA interference (RNAi) was discovered, Bioneer was there to help provide researchers with the tools they need to accomplish their experiments. Bioneer is currently the market leader in RNAi technology in Asia, and is launching in North America this year. Our RNAi portfolio consists of six areas:

• Predesigned siRNA libraries
• PCR primers for knockdown validation
• Human validated siRNA libraries
• Human siRNA library sets and subsets
• Control siRNAs
• siRNA design and synthesis

All Bioneer's siRNAs are designed using our Turbo si-Designer software. This software identifies highly effective siRNA target sites with remarkably high knockdown rates. Critical parameters including base composition, thermodynamic instability and base preference are all considered in the design algorithm. siRNAs spanning SNP sites are removed and finally, non-specific siRNAs are eliminated following homology searching by BLAST and Smith-Waterman algorithms. The result is an siRNA with extraordinary knockdown efficiency and minimal off-target effects.We are so confident in our software that we have the best guarantee in the industry – Buy three of our AccuTarget™ siRNAs, and if 2 of them don’t have knockdown rates of at least 80%, we will replace them free of charge!

 

The Bioneer 80% Guarantee

When purchasing 3 siRNAs for the same gene, Bioneer guarantees at least an 80% reduction in the target mRNA level for 2 of the 3 siRNAs. If there is not a > 80% reduction in the mRNA level of the target gene, Bioneer will supply 2 siRNAs free of charge.*

*Bioneer reserves the right to request supporting data inclusive of:
1. Transfection efficiency data: NC (AccuTarget™ Fluorescein-labeled Negative Control) and siRNA concentration at 100 nM
2. siRNA knockdown efficiency data (mRNA level) : PC (AccuTarget™ GAPDH/GFP/Luciferase siRNA) and NC (AccuTarget™ Negative Control)
 

Features and Benefits

 

  • Performance Guarantee: When purchasing 3 siRNAs for the same gene, Bioneer guarantees at least an 80% reduction* in the target mRNA level for 2 of the three siRNAs.
  • Purification: For your more demanding applications, Bioneer's automated HPLC and Bio-RP purification methods ensure high quality, high- throughput siRNAs at an affordable price.
  • Affordable pricing: Bioneer provides a variety of high quality siRNA products at an affordable price.
  • Synthesis and QC: Bioneer siRNAs are produced in clean room facility by fully automated high-throughput siRNA production system. Bioneer siRNA products are assessed by MALDI-TOF Mass spectrometry analysis. Mass spec data is provided with every siRNA. Additionally, siRNAs are tested by gel electrophoresis to verify that both RNA strands annealed properly.

 

]]> Introduction

Until recently, gene knockdown or knockout technologies, such as antisense, ribozyme, and gene knockouts were used to perform loss-of-function studies. However, the post-genomics era calls for high-throughput gene function studies which the former technologies were unable to answer due to poor reproducibility, high cost, and excessive time to results. The advent of siRNA technology has opened up many new possibilities in the field of gene suppression.
 

siRNA Mechanism

siRNA is the term for 20 - 25-base pair RNA duplexes, where the two terminal 3'-nucleotides are unpaired (3' overhang). When siRNAs are introduced into cells they combine with a protein complex called the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and are unwound by a helicase. The RISC complex containing single stranded RNA complementary to the target mRNA then recognizes and binds to the target mRNA. After binding the mRNA, the argonaute protein Ago2 cleaves it and complete degradation of the target mRNA is carried out by ribonuclease activity (as a result of the lack of protection by 5' caps or poly (A) tails). This exciting technology is one of the most effective methods for the silencing of specific target genes and is a must for gene function validation studies, drug target validation, and for gene therapy studies. siRNA has the following advantages over other RNAi technology:

• Reduced time and costs: Less screening is needed to obtain highly effective siRNA.
• High efficacy at lower concentration: lower concentrations provide effective gene silencing and minimizes off target effects
• Specificity: siRNA is a highly specific target knockout mechanism based on the natural biological mechanisms of RNAi


Bioneer manufactures high quality and cost-effective siRNA. Every siRNA is produced in an automated high-throughput RNA production system under clean room conditions and undergo rigorous QC tests.

All Bioneer siRNAs are provided as double-stranded siRNA. Each sense siRNA and an antisense RNA are QC'ed by MALDI-TOF. Every annealed siRNA is then QC-tested using PAGE to confirm proper annealing.


Figure 1. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis of a custom siRNA. All siRNAs are processed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to ensure its quality.


Figure 2. PAGE data of double-stranded custom siRNA. Complementary single-stranded RNA strands were hybridized to form siRNA duplex and analyzed by 15% non-denaturing PAGE.
SS: single-stranded RNA
DS: double-stranded siRNA


Figure 3. Confocal microscopic image of HeLa cells transfected with FITC-labeled negative control siRNA (Cat No.: SN-1021). The fluorescent cells indicate that the HeLa cells were successfully transfected with the siRNA.


Figure 4. Effects of Human GAPDH Positive Control siRNA. HeLa cells were transfected separately with AccuTarget Human GAPDH Positive Control and Negative Control siRNA using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) at a final concentration of 100 nM. Total cellular RNA was isolated from cells 24 hours after transfection and subjected to Northern blot and Real-Time PCR analysis. As can be seen from Fig. 1-B, about 3% GAPDH mRNA remained.


Notice to Purchaser

All siRNA Products: For Research Use Only. Not For Use in Diagnostic Procedures.


Limited License

This product is licensed under European Patents 1144623, 121945 and foreign equivalents from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, USA and is provided only for use in academic and commercial research whose purpose is to elucidate gene function, including research to validate potential gene products and pathways for drug discovery and development and to screen non-siRNA based compounds (but excluding the evaluation or characterization of this product as the potential basis for a siRNA-based drug) and not for any other commercial purposes. Information about licenses for commercial use (including discovery and development of siRNA-based drugs) is available from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 Third Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

This product is sold for research use only and is not to be administered to humans or used for medical diagnostics. Buyer acknowledges and agrees that all intellectual property rights in the products (including, without limitation, the siRNA sequences used to create such products) and in any Bioneer technology, intellectual property and know-how used to make or useful for the manufacture or use of the products will at all times remain vested in Bioneer (other than any ownership interest that buyer may have in non-public proprietary target genes supplied by buyer to Bioneer in connection with custom products).

Trademark: AccuTarget is a trademark of Bioneer Corporation.







 


]]> Synthesis and Order

Q1. How is siRNA synthesized?

The most commonly used method in siRNA synthesizers is the 'phosphite triester' method, developed by Koster. This method builds the phosphodiester backbone of the RNA molecule by using β-cyanoethyl phosphoramidites. (Nucl. Acids Res. 1984, 12, 4539 ; Tetrahedron Lett. 1983, 24,5843) The synthesis begins with a solid support (CPG) with an attached starter nucleoside. A deblocking-coupling-capping-oxidation cycle is repeated to reach the desired length of siRNA molecule. After synthesis, ammonia is used to detach the siRNA from the solid support. The siRNA then undergoes deprotection and TBDMS treatment before being purified. The end result of these processes is pure siRNA. Each synthesized ss-RNA is annealed to produce the final duplexed siRNA form.

Q2. How do I order pre-designed siRNAs?

The AccuTarget Genome-wide Predesigned siRNAs are designed for Human, Mouse and Rat genomes. The desired target can be searched by Symbol, Gene No, Refseq accession Number or Description. Each query will yield three (3) candidates with the highest predicted efficiency score. You may select the desired quantity at that point. Also, you may select purification type and the guaranteed nmole quantity as well.

Q3. When can I expect delivery?

Delivery depends on the AccuTarget product that is ordered. Custom siRNA orders can be made and delivered in 10 business days. AccuTarget Predesigned siRNA can be delivered within 5 days of order receipt. Library products, orders of < 10 96-well plates can be shipped within 3 days of order receipt, and shipping dates for higher quantities above that will have to be discussed on a case-by-case basis.

Q4. Up to how many bases can Bioneer synthesize?

Bioneer offers single strand RNA synthesis service up to 50mers. (not siRNA) The same price is applied up to 30mer siRNA including overhang.

Q5. What form will my order be in?

For Genome-Wide Predesigned siRNAs, Validated siRNAs, siRNA Libraries and Control siRNAs, both the sense and antisense strands are synthesized at equimolar concentrations, verified via MALDI-TOF, then annealed and delivered in duplexed, lyophilized form. You may reconstitute the siRNA with a buffer of your choice or with ultrapure water that we provide with every order. We recommend reconstituting to 100 μM. For Custom siRNA orders, the order is processed by the same method as above. We recommend 50 μM reconstitution for Custom siRNA orders. When ordering Custom siRNA you must select the "Annealing Service" to receive your order in annealed form. If you choose not to use our annealing service, you can use 1X annealing buffer and follow the annealing protocol included with your Custom siRNA order.

Q6. I want to conduct an in vitro experiment. What scale should I choose? What purification should I select?

With a 10 nmole scale siRNA order, you can transfect one hundred (100) 96-well plates at 100 nM per transfection. Unless you are planning to conduct an in vivo experiment, the Bio-RP Purification will yield outstanding results. We recommend HPLC purification for in vivo experimental use.

Q7. Can Bioneer synthesize chimeric RNA?

Yes we can. We have the ability to synthesize chimeric RNA molecules that incorporate dA, dC, dG, and dT DNA bases. We can also incorporate 2'-O-Methyl and 2'-F(rU, rC) into the RNA.

Q8. I would like to order over four (4) siRNA candidates for a single gene. How do I order?

Our Genome-wide predesigned siRNAs provide three (3) candidates per target gene. In order to request more than four (4) candidates, order via Custom siRNA request. The siRNA sequences can be verified only after the order has been submitted. If you would like to compare the sequences with publications or to modify your order, please email us

Q9. The Genome-wide predesigned siRNA didn't work like I expected. What do I do?

When purchasing 3 siRNAs for the same gene, Bioneer guarantees at least an 80% reduction in the target mRNA level for 2 of the 3 siRNAs. If there is not a > 80% reduction in the mRNA level of the target gene, Bioneer will supply 2 siRNAs free of charge* when the customer provides the experiment information.

Q10. Are phosphate groups present on the 5' or 3' ends of the synthesized siRNA?

Unless explicitly stated, the 5' and 3' ends are capped with -OH groups. Therefore, to order 5' phosphate-capped siRNAs, you must request for 5' phosphorylation modification. 
 

Modified siRNA

Q1. What types of modified siRNAs are there?

In order to maximize siRNA applications, modified* siRNAs are available. Although there are many ways to modify siRNAs, the most convenient method is to use phosphoramidites to label siRNAs during synthesis. For a 5' siRNA modification, synthesis is first conducted as normal. At the final stage, however, a labeling phosphoramidite is attached to the 5' end, resulting in a 5' labeled siRNA. 3' labeling is somewhat complicated in that we must start with a labeled phosphoramidite attached to a solid support and build the molecule from there. You can incorporate the label of your choice to the siRNA sequence by using a labeled phosphoramidite at the 5' end of deoxyuridine, therefore allowing for an internal modified siRNA.

The following modifications are offered for our siRNAs.
• 5' Amine - 3' amine modification
• 5' Phosphorylation & 3' phosphorylation
• 5' Thiol - 3' Thiol Modification
• 5' Biotin - Internal Biotin-dT Modification
• 5' Fluorescein - 3' Fluorescein modification
• 3' TAMRA modification
*Certain items may not be available in all countries.
 

Handling and Storage

Q1. How to I store my siRNAs and how long do they keep?

siRNAs can normally be kept stable at -20°C for over 1 year. The lyophilized form is especially stable and has a long shelf-life. Although solution-dissolved siRNAs can be stable, contamination of the reconstitution solution with RNase will degrade the product. Also, repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate the degradation process. Therefore, we recommend that after you receive the siRNA stock, you reconstitute and make several aliquots to avoid such freeze-thawing. Because the phosphodiester bonds of the RNA can break under high pH conditions, we ask you to take caution, and recommend reconstituting in ultrapure water provided.

Q2. How do I reconstitute my siRNA?

If you would like to keep your siRNA in solution, we recommend reconstituting with DEPC-treated water that we provide with your order to maximize stability.

Q3. How to I store my fluorescent dye modified siRNA?

Photobleaching may occur if the fluorescent dye modified siRNA is exposed to light for prolonged periods of time. Therefore we recommend that you store such siRNAs in a dark container and store that container in a dark place.
 

Purification

Q1. I would like to know how the synthesized siRNA is purified.

To purify newly synthesized siRNA, we have several methods including Bio-RP and HPLC. We select a purification method depending on the end-use of the product:

1. Bio-RP: Phosphoramidites used for siRNA synthesized with the Bio-RP synthesizer have a DMT group protecting the 5' end to prevent accessory reactions from occurring during synthesis. If the DMT group is not removed at the end of the synthesis cycle ('trityl-on' mode), only the desired length N-mer siRNA will have the 5'-DMT group, while the shorter N-1, N-2 etc. synthesis by-products will not have a DMT group attached. Because the DMT group is extremely hydrophobic, it will interface very well with the RP resin. By taking advantage of this fact, and the fact that DMT groups are not present in the N-1, N-2 etc. by-products, we are able to efficiently purify the desired N-mer siRNA. Unless intended for in vivo experiments, the Bio-RP Purification method will yield excellent experimental results.

2. HPLC: For experiments requiring extremely pure siRNAs such as in vivo experiments, Bio-RP purification may be insufficiently pure. In this case, HPLC is commonly used to reach the desired purity level. We use a reversed-phase resin for purification, and this will routinely yield up to 98% purity for 21-mer siRNA molecules. We recommend selecting HPLC purification if you are intending to use the siRNA for in vivo experiment use.
 

Quantification and Concentration

Q1. What does the O.D. value mean?

Because the amount of synthesized siRNA is extremely small, it is very difficult to quantify by weight. Therefore, we capitalize on the light-absorption properties of nucleic acids to indirectly measure the amount of product. The amount of light absorbed by a given amount of product is expressed as an O.D. (Optical Density) value, and is directly related to the amount of product in solution.

Q2. How do I calculate the amount of siRNA from the O.D. value?

After measuring the amount of 260 nm light absorbed by the siRNA, the following formula is used to calculate the actual amount of siRNA O.D. = εC. The ε is the extinction coefficient which is unique for different materials, and the C stands for the siRNA concentration. If one knows the extinction coefficient and the O.D. value of the siRNA, the concentration can be calculated by substituting those values in the formula above. The ε value for an siRNA molecule is the sum of the extinction coefficient of each base constituting the molecule. The extinction coefficients for each base at 260 nm is are as follows:

rG : 11.5 ml/μmole
rC : 7.2 ml/μmole
rA : 15.4 ml/μmole
rU : 9.9 ml/μmole

Therefore, the extinction coefficient for the entire siRNA molecule can be calculated by multiplying the number of bases by the corresponding extinction coefficient and adding all four products together.

Q3. If my 18-mer siRNA (3G, 4C, 5A, 6U) O.D. value was 0.7, then how much siRNA do I have?

Let's start by calculating the extinction coefficient (εε) of the entire siRNA molecule. ε= 11.5 x 3 + 7.2 x 4 + 15.4 x 5 + 9.9 x 6 = 199.7 (ml/μmole) Therefore, using the O.D. = εC formula, we can calculate the final concentration C to be C = 0.7 /199.7 = 0.0035 (μmole/ml) = 3.5 (nmole/ml). This value is expressed as the 'total nmole' value in your copy of the oligo synthesis report.

Q4. How do I calculate the molecular weight of the synthesized siRNA molecule?

Substitute the number of each base into the following formula: M.W. = (NA x 329.208) + (NC x 305.183) + (NG x 345.207) + (NU x 306.168) - 63.98) + 2.016 NA = Total number of rA NC = Total number of rC NG = Total number of rG NU = Total number of rU

Q5. Can I know how many ng the synthesized product is?

Normally, we will fulfill an order with a guaranteed nmole amount, and the synthesis report will also report the final amount in nmoles. If you must have the ng amount to calculate for an experiment, you can convert from nmole to ng by using the formula below. We make it easy for you by giving you the molecular weight of the siRNA sequence in the report. Molecular Weight (g) X mole (nmole) = Mass of siRNA (ng)
 

Q6. How do I reach a target concentration?

Each synthesis report gives you a 'volume for 100 pmole/μl' value that stands for the volume of DEPC-treated water you need to add to achieve a 100 pmole/μl concentration. As an example, if the 'volume for 100 pmole/μl' values for two siRNAs are 100 and 200, then you can reconstitute with 100μl and 200 μl of DEPC-treated water, respectively, to reach a 100 pmole/μl concentration.
In other words, the siRNA contained in each tube is:
100 μl x 100 pmole/μl = 10,000 pmole = 10 nmole,
200 μl x 100 pmole/μl = 20,000 pmole = 20 nmole
Although the final use will dictate the concentration of siRNA, we found that for average use, 100 pmole/μl is ideal. That is why we provide you with DEPC-treated water volume for reconstitution to 100 pmole/μl.

Q7. How do I convert between morlarity and moles?

The standard concentration units for oligomers is given in M (mole/L), and the prefixes such as μ (micro), n (nano), p (pico) etc. describe the scope of the unit. The following prefixes are used not only for M, but for other measurement units such as length, mass etc.

10-1 = deci [d] 101 = deca [da]
10-2 = centi [c] 102 = hecto [h]
10-3 = milli [m] 103 = kilo [k]
10-6 = micro [μ] 106 = mega [M]
10-9 = nano [n] 109 = giga [G]
10-12 = pico [p] 1012 = tera [T]
10-15 = femto [f] 1015 = peta [P]
10-18 = atto [a] 1018 = exa [E]
10-21 = zepto [z] 1021 = zetta [Z]
10-24 = yocto [y] 1024 = yotta [Y]

1 pmole/μl
= 1x10-12 mole / 1x10-6 L
= 1x10-6 mole/L
= 1 μmole/L
= 1 μM

Therefore, μM and pmole/μl are one and the same.
 

Experiments

Q1. What are some precautions for a siRNA experiment?

First, because not all siRNAs will knock-down the target gene with identical efficiency, you should try 2-3 different sequences to find the best siRNA. Second, to make sure that the knock-down affects downstream protein expression, mRNA levels should also be measured. Thirdly, verify the knock-down phenotype by using another siRNA designed for the same target gene and show that the same phenotype appears.

Q2. This is my first siRNA experiment. How do I set my experimental conditions?

One of the most important factors in a siRNA experiment is the assessment of whether the siRNA gets delivered into the cell. Bioneer offers positive controls that can easily indicate whether the siRNA is being delivered successfully.

Q3. To what cell density should I culture my cells before siRNA transfection?

For siRNA transfection, we recommend that the cell density be approximately 60-70%. (HeLa cell, 6-well plate standard: 1.5 x 105 cells/well. We also strongly encourage user optimization of these figures)

Q4. What concentration of siRNA should I use for transfection?

We recommend a starting concentration of 100 nM (100 pmol/well), but strongly advise empirical optimization for the cell line and conditions of your experiment.

Q5. How do I use 10 nmole of siRNA to transfect cells at 100 nM?

This is a source of confusion for many people. In order to transfect a single well with 100 nM siRNA where the transfection volume is 1 ml, you need 100pmole of siRNA. 2 µl of 50 µM (50 pmole/μl) stock siRNA solution in 1 ml will yield 100 pmole. If you were to order 10 nmole of a siRNA, it will be sufficient to transfect 100 wells at 100 nM (100 pmole/ml).

Q6. What transfection reagent do I use?

Because each cell line will have different transfection efficiencies for every transfection agent, we recommend that you select the transfection reagent most suitable for your cell line.

Q7. How do I verify my siRNA transfection efficiency?

You can easily verify the transfection efficiency by transfecting your cells with NC-FITC and observing the cells with a fluorescence microscope. The NC-FITC can also be used as a test reagent to optimize the transfection concentrations of both the siRNA and the transfection reagent.

Q8. Is there a way to know my siRNA's knockdown efficiency beforehand?

The predicted siRNA knockdown efficiency can be seen at the target gene search screen by clicking the siRNA Number. Validated siRNA efficiencies will be presented in blue, while predesigned siRNA efficiencies will be displayed in grey.

Q9. What controls are used for a siRNA experiment?

The AccuTarget Negative Control siRNA is a non-targeting siRNA that has low sequence homology to all known Human, Rat and Mouse sequences. Therefore, it can be used as a convenient negative control for all Human, Rat and Mouse siRNA experiments. The AccuTarget™ Positive Control siRNAs (human) shows great knockdown efficiency for the target gene. We target GAPDH as an endogenous control gene, and also have positive control siRNAs for reporter systems such as GFP and Luciferase.

Q10. How do I verify the siRNA knockdown efficiency?

The siRNA knockdown efficiency can be verified through various techniques including qPCR, Northern Blot, Western Blot etc.

Q11. What are AccuTarget Genome-wide Predesigned siRNAs?

These siRNAs were predesigned for your convenience using our Turbo si-Designer, a siRNA design algorithm co-developed by us and KRIBB (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology). Using this revolutionary algorithm, we have constructed a high-knockdown efficiency AccuTarget Genome-wide Predesigned siRNA database. As of this writing, our website contains predesigned siRNAs for Human (17,842 genes), Mouse (17,117 genes), and Rat (9,392 genes).

Q12. What are AccuTarget validated siRNAs?

After synthesizing siRNAs using our Turbo si-Designer, a siRNA design algorithm co-developed by us and KRIBB (Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology), AccuTarget Validated siRNAs have been measured for knockdown efficiency using qPCR. We verified that each siRNA shows at least a 70% knockdown efficiency. AccuTarget Validated siRNAs can be ordered with their corresponding real-time qPCR primer sets. Also, if you order 10 or more siRNAs, they will be delivered in flexible siRNA Library (tube or plate type) format. 

Q13. Can I order siRNAs argeted for a specific gene?

You may order siRNAs for the target gene of your choice by entering the gene name or Accession number at our website and selecting one of the listed siRNA candidates. You may also order custom designed siRNA if your model organism is not Human, Mouse or Rat.

Q14. What are precautions for handling siRNA?

- Wear gloves and a mask when handling siRNA.
- Always use RNase free tubes and pipette tips.
- Only use DEPC treated water when diluting siRNA.
- Store fluorescence-labeled siRNA in a dark location.
 
 

]]>